It will also simplify post entry inspection. Daunde 31 Viral pathogens intercepted in germplasm importing A. Daunde 32 Khetarpal and Gupta, Daunde 33 Khetarpal and Gupta, Daunde 34 Khetarpal and Gupta, Schedules attached to PQ Order, A. Daunde 35 Daunde 36 Daunde 37 Daunde 38 Daunde 39 Daunde 40 Daunde 41 Daunde 42 Daunde 43 1.
Prohibited for general public: Coconut plants and seeds, coffee plants and seeds, cotton seeds and unginned cotton, forest tree seed Castanea, Pinus, Ulmus , groundnut seeds and cuttings, potato, sugarcane, tobacco seeds and wheat seeds.
Schedule-V See clause 3 3 6 7 and 10 and 11 3 ] List of plants and plant materials restricted import permissible only with the recommendation of authorized institutions with additional declarations and special conditions A. Daunde 44 3. Additional declarations required for notified plants Daunde 45 Daunde 46 Daunde 47 Daunde 48 Daunde 49 Part II Inspection authority for certain specified purposes A. Black gram 6. Castor 6.
Chick pea Cowpea Green gram 6. Groundnut Pod Lentil Linseed Maize Minor millet 4. Niger 4. Paddy Pearl millet 2. Peas Pigeon pea 6. Rajmah Safflower 4. Sesamum 2. Sunflower 4. Sorghum 4. Soybean Wheat 5. Daunde 52 Procedures of Plants Quarantine A. Daunde 53 Daunde 54 Pests covered under Domestic Quarantine Regulations A.
Daunde 55 The PFA established and maintained as per International Standards forms an element of justification of phytosanitary measures. Daunde 56 Daunde 57 Daunde 58 Generalized tests A very widely used method is the inspection of dry seed with the naked eye or under the low power of microscope. Examination of dry seed under UV or NUV light may reveal infections of certain fungi and bacteria through emission of fluorescence of different colours.
Examination of seed washings may reveal surface contamination by rusts, smuts, downy mildews and a large number of other fungi. Most commonly used incubation methods for the detection of fungi are the common moist blotter and agar tests wherein seeds are incubated on these media for a specific length of time generally about a week at a suitable temperature under alternating light and dark cycles.
These two media reveal a wide range of internally seed-borne fungal and some bacterial pathogens in a wide variety of crops. Seedling symptom test and the growout test are quite versatile and reveal the symptoms produced by any category of plant pathogens including fungi, bacteria and viruses.
Growout test is the simplest of the tests extensively used for the detection of viruses. However, some viruses may be carried symptomlessly in the plant and, therefore, it should be used in combination with other tests like indexing on indicator test plants and serology.
Specialized tests Insects X-ray radiography has been used very successfully all over the world for the detection of hidden infestation with no apparent sign of infestation on the seed surface of insects, particularly seed infesting chalcids and bruchids. Seed transparency test boiling the seeds in lactophenol to make them transparent may also be used for the detection of hidden infestation and extraction of the insects for identification.
X-ray radiography is also very effective in salvaging infested seed lots. Nematodes For the detection of seed-borne nematodes, seeds are soaked in water for about 24 hours.
This makes the nematodes active, which then come out of the seed into the water, or the seeds may be teased out with the help of forceps and a needle and examined for detection of nematodes under a stereo microscope. In rooted plants, the accompanying soil and plant debris may similarly be soaked in water and nematodes may be extracted for identification using nematological sieves or tissue paper.
Fungi , bacteria and viruses Serological tests are very effective for the detection and identification of viruses and bacterial pathogens and are being used in various plant quarantine stations with great success. Phage-plague technique is still more sensitive for bacterial pathogens as even strains of bacteria can be identified. Indicator test plants are also very helpful as they may reveal pathogenic races within a species of a fungus, bacterium and specific strains within a virus.
Modifications of the generalized incubation tests agar and blotter tests have also been used for the detection of specific plant pathogens. Deep-freezing blotter test and 2,4-D blotter test are very efficient for detection of black-leg pathogen Phoma lingam in crucifer crops.
Potato-dextrose-oxgall agar is useful for the detection of Septoria nodorum in wheat while PCNB agar is a selective medium for detection of Fusarium species in cereals. In the case of vegetative propagules, laboratory methods may suffice for the detection of insects and mites, nematodes, majority of fungi and certain bacteria. Such an effort on the part of quarantine officials would help to restore a positive image to plant quarantine.
However, it may be kept in mind that treatments, which only reduce the inoculum, may be acceptable for general agricultural practices, but they are not acceptable in plant quarantine. Fool-proof eradicative treatments are required to be employed before release of the planting material from quarantine. Fumigation Fumigation of the material under atmospheric or under reduced pressure has been found acceptable as a quarantine treatment against insects and mites. Heat treatment Hot water treatment or hot air treatment are also used in quarantine for eradication of insects, mites, nematodes, fungi, bacteria and viruses.
However, in most cases, margin of safety is very narrow and, therefore, the temperature should be very accurately controlled. Some recommended hot water treatments Kahn, are: 1. Hot water seed treatment has also been reported to eradicate certain bacterial pathogens like black-rot pathogen Xanthomonas campestris pv.
Chemical treatments Chemicals may be applied as dust, slurry, spray or as dip. It should be ensured that dosage of chemical should be enough to eradicate the inoculum but should not kill the host and the chemical should not be hazardous to personnel handling the treated seed. Treatment should be given on arrival and only after ascertaining the health status of the material. Seeds treated at origin are not only difficult to examine but are hazardous to inspect also. Heavily treated seed, which makes inspection difficult, should be denied entry Neergaard, a.
Tissue culture Tissue culture as a safeguard in quarantine has been advocated by Kahn All insects, mites, nematodes and most fungi can be eliminated.
Symptoms on young seedlings, and growth of the organisms on the agar medium, if any, may be visible through the transparent culture tubes, and these could be discarded. Tissue culture in combination with thermotherapy and chemotherapy is an excellent safeguard from quarantine angle.
However, certain systemically infecting pathogens like rusts, downy mildews, bacteria, viruses, viroids and MLOs, may still get transported. Such risk analysis provides sound biological basis to decide quarantine policies. The attitude towards 'entry status' of a material may be liberal or conservative depending on the risks involved in its introduction.
If risks are low, quarantine would be liberal in permitting the entry. However, if risks are very high, the material may be denied entry.
Whether an introduced pest could establish, spread and become serious, depends on three factors viz. However, the host-pathogen-environment interactions are very complex and it is not always easy to understand them.
As such, many a times, our predictions about risks involved and quarantine importance of a pest may go wrong. Any pest risk analysis should take into account the benefits that are likely to accrue from the introduction of the planting material concerned and also the costs of quarantine inspection, treatment including detention in the post-entry quarantine facility and the cost of eradication, should an exotic pest gets established.
Quarantine regulations Plant quarantine regulations are promulgated by the national and the state governments to prevent the introduction and spread of harmful pests and pathogens. Plant quarantine will be justified only when the pest has no natural means of spread and when they are based on biological considerations only, i.
In general, risks are more with the introduction of vegetative propagules than with true seed. Again, risks are far greater with pathogens like viruses, downy mildews, smuts and many bacteria carried inside the seed without any external symptoms. When vegetative propagules are introduced, rooted plants, and other underground plant parts like rhizomes, suckers, runners, etc. Based on these factors, plant quarantine regulates the introductions as follows: 1.
Post-entry quarantine: The risk is very high but adequate safeguards in the form of post-entry isolation growing facilities are available. Restricted: Pest risk is not high and import permit is required stipulating conditions for entry, inspection and treatment. Unrestricted: Import permit is not required, and material may enter without restriction. While formulating quarantine regulations, local conditions like crop spectrum and environmental conditions are also to be considered.
Plant quarantine system in India Plant quarantine activities in India are carried out under the Destructive Insects and Pests Act DIP Act of , and the rules and regulations framed from time to time thereunder by the Govt.
With a view to provide the farmers the best planting materials available in the world for maximising productivity per unit area and to encourage the private seed industry in India not only to meet the internal requirements but also to develop export potential for high quality planting materials, the Government of India anounced a 'New Policy on Seed Development' in September This policy also states that absolutely no compromise shall be made with the requirements of plant quarantine procedures to prevent entry into the country of exotic pests, diseases and weeds detrimental to Indian agriculture.
Therefore, to meet the plant quarantine requirements in respect to the provisions of the new seed policy, the Govt. The main features of the existing plant quarantine regulations in India are as follows: 1. Hay, straw or any other materials of plant origin shall not be used as packing material. However, soil can be imported for research purposes under a special permit issued by the Plant Protection Adviser to the Govt.
NBPGR's responsibilities As the National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources NBPGR , New Delhi has been designated as the national nodal agency for exchange of germplasm material of agri-horticultural and agri-silvicultural crops for research purposes in the country, it has also been entrusted with the quarantine responsibilities in respect to germplasm of these crops. NBPGR has a separate Division of Plant Quarantine to meet the quarantine requirements in respect of the germplasm materials being exchanged through it.
The Division has trained scientific and technical staff representing the disciplines of entomology, nematology and plant pathology, well equipped laboratories, green houses and post-entry isolation growing field facilities to discharge its quarantine responsibilities efficiently. In case of certain crops, after laboratory examination at NBPGR, the exotic material is passed on to the specific crop-based institutes for post-entry isolation growing, before it is released to the indentors.
These institutes have established adequate post-entry isolation growing facilities and required expertise is also available with them. During the last 12 years or so, a large number of exotic insects and mites, plant parasitic nematodes, plant pathogens and weeds have been intercepted from the imported germplasm materials, many of which are of major quarantine significance and are not yet known to occur in the country Appendix I.
National coordination Most of the plant material enters the country as air cargo or air mail parcels. The New Seed Policy now permits private enterprises to introduce more material in certain cases under 'Open General Licence'. Bulk consignments for consumption or sowing are brought by ships, and small research consignments through air freight or post. Therefore, the customs department, postal department, the International Airport Authority and Port Authority of India are also involved. Very effective linkages among all the government agencies are required so that while the introduced planting material is made available to the user clients without undue delay, all the required quarantine safeguards are observed to prevent introduction of foreign pests and diseases.
The consignments should never be released directly to the users. Any planting material declared or ceased by customs department must be handed over to the plant quarantine officials for inspection and clearance.
They should always try to observe the plant quarantine regulations requirement for import permit, phytosanitary certificates, etc. Request for planting material from abroad should be channelized through appropriate authorities.
For example, all requests for germplasm for research purposes should be made to the Director, National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, New Delhi alongwith details of the material required, source country, name and address of the supplier etc. Proper linkages, coordination of the efforts and cooperation among the concerned agencies would go a long way in smooth flow of material with required quarantine safeguards. Cooperation on the following lines would greatly help in safe exchange of germplasm materials.
Several quarantine stations working independently may be processing the same material same crop or even same variety at each station. Under the proposed consortium concept, different quarantine stations would undertake the processing of different materials several accessions of the same crop or a group of crops at each station and then share the material.
This would avoid duplication of efforts, reduce costs of processing and more material would be available with adequate quarantine safeguards. Establishment of central seed health testing laboratories: At present, thousands of seed samples of a variety of crops are being exchanged by different countries for breeding purposes and for conducting multilocation international trials. Sometimes, the volume of material may be so large that it is not physically possible for a quarantine service to process it with any degree of surity during the time at its disposal before the planting date.
Plant Pathol. Eventually, RT-PCR primer pairs for five single-stranded ss the possibility of introduction of foreign plant viruses via plant RNA viruses that are not currently reported in imported plants and foods becomes increasing. Moreover, Korea but could be potential harmful plant viral patho- the changed chlimate in Korea will be suitable for foreign gens.
To control inflow of quarantine plant viruses, Tospovirus. In a close cooperation with the each virus. Fifteen out of 16 primer pairs were success- NPQS, we are currently developing RT-PCR based detec- fully applied in detection of individual quarantine virus tion system for major quarantine plant viruses and have with high specificity and efficiency.
Taken together, this reported RT-PCR detection methods for quarantine plant study provides a rapid and useful protocol for detection viruses infecting fruit trees and the family Cucurbitaceae or of five quarantine viruses. Solanaceae Lee et al. Keywords : Potyvirus, Quarantine, RT-PCR, ssRNA virus, In a series of detecting quarantine plant viruses, five Tospvirus additional single-strand RNA viruses causing significant economic problems to many vegetables and flowering plants were further chosen in this study.
The et al. In addition, a large amount of 1. Since the first identification of CDV from Brugmansia in design due to high conservancy within the virus species Colombia in the late s, it is quickly spread from South Table 2. At Brugmansia spp. TEV is one of well characterized plant distinguish quarantine viruses easily Table 2.
TEV causes mosaic and dark green fragments ranged from bp and bp. Overall, the size vain banding in infected pepper leaves and cause stunted of amplified PCR fragments ranges from bp to bp. All primers were synthesized from Bioneer Corp. All processes ornamentals like iris, and lisianthus Diaz-Montano et al.
Total RNAs producing countries. Symptoms of IYSV composed of derived from virus infected plant tissues as well as healthy yellow or straw colored diamond shaped lesions on the leaves of Nicotiana benthamiana and tomato were prepared scape or leaves in onion plants Diaz-Montano et al. They can also be transmitted by according to the previous study Park and Kim, The mechanical inoculation and grafting but not by seeds.
As shown Fig. List of plant viruses assayed for quarantine No. A Total RNAs extracted from virus Thus, it is likely that the amplified unspecific bands were infected plant leaves. Lanes 1—5 represent RNA pairs but from target plant virus. Interesting- polyprotein can amplify other viral genes in different virus ly, as annealing temperature goes up, the amount of am- species. At 52 oC, except three primer- using heterogous mix of primer pairs and cDNAs.
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